All Animals Are Equal Essay - 1744 Words

In our world, protests occur each day on the issues of animal cruelty and human rights, but when the issues are put together which will reign over the other? The author Peter Singer of â€Å"All Animals are Equal† and â€Å"Tools for Research† presents his argument for determining when animal experiments are justified. The author starts his paper with a counter argument, questioning if one would be willing to let thousands of people die if those people could be saved by experimentation on a single animal. The answer is a unanimous no; in our culture we value human life over everything else. The author follows by asking the reader if they would be prepared to carry out their experiments on humans who are mentally retarded or orphaned babies, if that†¦show more content†¦Third, Singer states that, â€Å"apes, monkeys, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals are more aware of what is happening to them, more self†directing, and at least as sensitive to pain as a human infant.†(Page 2, Tools for Research) Singer is quick to assign cognitive motives to observed animal behaviour when it supports his arguments. However, it is in fact difficult to judge the causes for animal distress based on their reaction (i.e. writhing, facial contortions, moaning, and yelping) as these reactions may not be based on a cognitive awareness but on a self†preservation instinct. Singer and we can only hypothesize what an animal might be feeling, not make categorical arguments as Singer has done. Peter Singer’s argument for determining when animal experiments are justified is stated in his papers â€Å"All Animals are Equal† and â€Å"Tools for Research†. His argument in regards to animal experimentation and speciesism is very thought provoking and makes the readers review their own biases regarding human/animal relations. Although some of the ideas the author brings forward, such as using mentally retarded or orphaned babies for experimentation, are radical, they do make one think about the biases we have as a species. Also, his thoughts on mammals and birds ability to feel pain beingShow MoreRelatedAll Animals Are Equal By Singer1523 Words   |  7 PagesIn his article â€Å"All Animals Are Equal†, Singer discusses his basic principle of equality which is the equality of consideration, and he believes that it should be extended to all sentient beings. With that in mind, he sheds the light on three points that I’ll argue against. Singerâ⠂¬â„¢s first point is that the ability to suffer is what gives something or someone a moral value. The second point he gives is that humans are subordinating the animal interests to their taste preferences. As for the thirdRead MoreAll Animals Are Equal By Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesArgumentative Essay: All Animals are Equal In his book all animals are equal, Singer argues that human beings should extend to non-human species the same equality of consideration that is extended to fellow human beings. He based his argument on the fact that past liberation movements aimed at condemning discriminations based on gender and sex had been declared absurd at their onset, but had later on yielded fruits. This discrimination against animals, he argues, is similar to these past discriminationsRead MoreEqual Rights for Animals in Peter Singer’s Article, All Animals are Equal652 Words   |  3 PagesSinger’s article, All Animals are Equal, Singer claims that animals deserve the same equal rights and respect that the human lives get. His strongest argument is defined by all animals, human or non-human shall be defined as equal. Singer makes some very strong arguments within his article, but I feel some of his statements are humanist. As an animal lover and mother to two pets, I disagree that not all a nimals or living things endure the same amount. However, I do agree that animals do deserve theRead MoreAll Animals Are Equal By Peter Singer1487 Words   |  6 PagesIn Peter Singer’s piece â€Å"All Animals Are Equal†, he begins his argument by an in-depth consideration of notable rights movements, such as the Black Liberation and women’s rights movement, then segues into the justification for equal consideration of rights regarding animals, before finally exposing the immorality behind factory farming and animal cruelty. According to Singer, â€Å"the basic principle of equality†¦is equality of consideration; and equal consideration for different beings may lead to differentRead MoreAll Animals Are Equal By Peter Singer1915 Words   |  8 Pagesgiven that there was no cruelty involved with raising and killing the cows, the cows are merely a means to an end. In â€Å"All Animals Are Equal†, Peter Singer, a utilitarian, claims that any being that has the capacity for suffering should be given the right to equal consideration (153). Singer is against speciesism, which is the belief that all and only human beings deserve a full and equal moral status, or that one non-human species is superior over another non-human species. Singer argues that a being’sRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of Peter Singer, All Animals Are Equal977 Words   |  4 PagesSinger, All Animals are Equal In order to understand Peter Singers article All Animals Are Equal, one has to look at his viewpoint and perspective. Singer is a utilitarian, which is someone who believes that best outcome is something that causes that greatest amount of pleasure (or the least amount of pain) for the greatest number of people. However, in this definition the word people is used, as to mean only humans. This is the point that Singer is trying to argue. Who is to say that animals do notRead MoreAnalysis Of Animal Farm, By George Orwell1235 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1945. The book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. Animal farm includes use of propaganda as well. A quote for example would be â€Å"some animals are equal but some are more equal than others.† I think that this book fits that quote very well as the author makes Napoleon along with Snowball are the leaders of th e rebellion against Jones. A few questions that come to mind areRead MoreCompare Tom Regan, Carl Cohen and Peter Singer in Terms of Animal Rights813 Words   |  4 PagesSinger Animal rights are one of the most controversial issues today. There has been endless debate about whether or not animals have rights. Philosophers attempt to come up with the moral conclusions by taking in account the many different standpoints and presenting their related arguments. In his essay â€Å"The case of animal rights†, Tom Regan, a professor of philosophy at North Carolina State University, defends his view that the center of our moral concern should not bring the suffering on animal asRead MoreAnimal Rights And Utilitarianism1063 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Rights and Utilitarianism Peter Singer argues, in regard to animal rights, that equal beings with equal interests should be considered equally. Singer makes three claims about equality to support his position; equality is based on equal consideration, speciesism is unjustified, and the ability to feel pain makes one worthy of moral consideration. He believes equal interests deserve equal treatment, and guidelines for having interests concern sentience; the ability to experience suffering.Read MoreAccepting Non Human Animals As Our Moral Equals Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesZhiyuan Li Philosophy 2367 Accepting Non-Human Animals as Our Moral Equals In her essay Speaking of Animal Rights, Warren (1987) argues for the weak animal rights position, which holds that non-human animals have weaker rights than human beings because non-human animals do not have the same moral status as us human beings (383-4). This is due to their lack of the ability to â€Å"reason well enough to function as autonomous moral agents† (385), which she believes is a requirement for being moral of human

The Earth s Core Astronomy - 1272 Words

Under the sun s scorching dense beams, I lounge in my house located just outside the city of Eurasic. I begin to pack for space, arriving home from a test trial of the space zones departing in several weeks. Since my 18th birthday, I have currently been living alone in a small pod for the past 4 years Eurasic is one of five neighboring cities remaining on the earth. Due to the significant effects of global warming, the earth is dying, turning a fragile antique object that is ready to sell. The land is eroding, destroying and flooding, leaving few parts of European land to call home for the 2 million people who remain. With this dilemma, I have done my part to ensure the survival of the human race. For the past ten years, space†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"We need to make sure that nothing is cut short, especially food,† another engineer mentions while I diligently work. â€Å"This is such a huge moment in history,† James acknowledges, â€Å"Space travel has been blocked off ever since the horrific crash 30 years ago, leading to the bankruptcy of NASA.† Apparently NASA was some fancy space program created by the government, but for now, ECAPS will hope to replace and improve off of NASA’s mistakes. Space travel laws have been abolished, once again allowing people to space travel. Ever since I was young, I have heard stories about the earth and how it was 60 years ago,â€Å"the earth was pure and full of life,† my mother would acknowledge, â€Å" animals roamed the lands, human population was vast and people would travel to space for experimenting.† Such extinctions and adventures have left people like me confused. How much did the earth loose in such a short period of time? Yes, there are a lot of questions that currently have yet to be answered, but our taoks(toks) don’t have the knowledge to provide people the information that is such desired. Toks, are arms devices containing files that have been stored, (some private and others accessible to review) and required to be implanted at the age of 18.

Managing Brands (Pros and Cons of Brands) Free Essays

Introduction We live in a world of capitalism and multinational brands dominate the consumer market. To the consumer, brands that have existed over many years represent quality, esteem, identity, trust and above all, a very reliable source of customer support and care. Companies try to promote their brand equity by vigorous advertisement campaigns. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Brands (Pros and Cons of Brands) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Targeted advertisements enhance the brand image and increase the competitive advantage by providing a Brand identity. Firms also use brand extension to increase their profitability by extending the power of their brand image to other product lines. While powerful brands utilize their brand equity and exercise their muscle power to dominate the market they are also having to face with increasing competition from store brands and retailers who promote their own products. Ultimately the focus of all brands is to improve customer equity. From the consumer perspective, the price for value proposition of brands has to be considered. A brief overview of some of the important factors pertaining to brands and how they shape or affect consumer behavior would help us better understand the pros and cons of brands. Advantages of brands As the renowned British advertisement giant David Ogilvy said, brands represent â€Å"the consumer’s idea of a product [or a service] â€Å"(Ogilvy, 2004). Brands provide product differentiation and therefore help the consumers get what they need. In order to maintain their market stronghold and to improve their competitive edge brands have to constantly innovate. This is very good for the consumers as they have wide variety of products to choose from. With their specialized resources brands can cater to evolving user demands. The marketing muscle of brands also enables them to provide improved consumer education of the newer products. (Gehlar et.al, 2009) When the market is flooded by products, customers can make informed choices only if they are able to compare various product features. When customers do not have access to product information to compare, they automatically select a brand based on its reputation. So the reputation of brands acts as the quality indicator and it influences the purchasing behavior under such circumstances. (Douglas) In this way brands reduce the risk of purchase for the customer. Today consumers become more knowledgeable and increasingly sophisticated. They can make the brand accountable for their business practices. For example, the awareness about the infamous ‘sweat shops’ of Nike was shocking for US customers. In one survey it was revealed that 85% of the US customers were willing to pay 5% more for the branded products if they were manufactured legally and not from sweat shops. (Ward, 2003)Thus, under consumer pressure big brands would be motivated to adopt ethical business practices. Disadvantages of Branding In discussing the downsides of Brands from the customer viewpoint, the first and foremost concern is the Price issue. Brands spend an inordinate amount of money in advertising and improving their brand image and value. Invariably these marketing expenditures are transferred on to the customer. It is not a surprise that Coca Cola, the leading brand in the world, spent as much as $2.9 billion on advertising in 2010. In other words, the customer is spending several times more for Coca Cola’s advertisements than the actual cost for every bottle of the soft drink. (McWilliams, 2011) How about spending a part of this expenditure towards salaries of the workers? Next, the fixated idea that high cost and quality go together may not always be true. Researchers who tested several store brands and compared it with national brand products have confirmed this. In a study by ‘Consumer Reports ‘that tested 19 store branded food products against national brands it was found that the quality of all the store brands were at least equal to the Branded products. Also, there was a 27% price difference between the store brands and national brands. As a case in point, the price of Costco’s vanilla extract is only 35 cents per ounce while the price for one ounce of the same product from McCormick’s is $3.34. (Consumer Reports, 2009) This difference is ascribed to the advertisement costs.A study by Wolf et.al (2005) that compared 4 store brand products with one national Brand also found that store brands could offer same quality of products but at a lower cost compared to national brands. The advertisement influence that brands have on children is also studied by researchers. One study by Roper et.al (2007) concluded that brands tend to create a social division among children. In a social setting such as a school, for instance, Kids who cannot afford a particular brand may be marginalized and discriminated against. Thus brand culture may negatively impact the development of school children. Conclusion Brands offer many advantages and disadvantages for the consumers. For those consumers who are not price conscious brands provide easy product differentiation, quality assurance and good after sale care. Brands promote identity development and the brand image adds to the well being of the customer. On the other hand, branded goods are high priced, often several times the actual commodity value. Under the times of economic recession consumers can no longer afford to pay for the exorbitant amount of money brands spend for advertisements. With retailers pushing the store brands at much lower prices and of comparable quality it does not make sense to pay a hefty price for branded products. This when considering the fact that many brands simply pay meager wages to their workers, is ethically unacceptable. Ultimately it is the consumer who has to make a judicious choice. Bibliography Consumer Reports,( 2009), Consumer Reports compares Store Brand food vs. big name brands, Viewed Nov 11th 2011, Don Douglas, Branding; advantages and disadvantages: Is there an Optimal Solution, Viewed Nov 11th 2011, Dan Sewel Ward, 2003, Sweat Shops, viewed Nov 11th 2011, Jeremiah McWilliams , (2011), Coco-Cola Spent more than $2.9 Billion on advertising in 2010, viewed Nov 11th 2011, Kristof De Wulf, Gaby Odekerken-Schroder Frank Goedertier (2005), Consumer perceptions of store brands versus national brands, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 22 Iss: 4, pp.223 – 232. Mark J. Gehlhar, Anita Regmi, Spiro E. Stefanou et.al, (2009), Brand leadership and product innovation as firm strategies in global food markets†, Journal of Product Brand Management, Vol. 18 Iss: 2, pp.115 – 126 Ogilvy, David (2004) Confessions of an advertising man, London: Southbank Publishing. Stuart Roper, Binita Shah, (2007) â€Å"Vulnerable consumers: the social impact of branding on children†, Equal Opportunities International, Vol. 26 Iss: 7, pp.712 – 728 How to cite Managing Brands (Pros and Cons of Brands), Essay examples

Risk Management at the Llondon 2012 Olympics Essay Example For Students

Risk Management at the Llondon 2012 Olympics Essay Introduction The objective of this paper is to define and analyse what risks management was carried out during the London Olympic Games, aspects of risk management such as how risks were identified, the type of risk analysis that was carried out, the risk responses opted in order to minimise threats, and how risks were monitored and controlled will be analysed further. After obtaining this information, a comparison with other Olympic Games will be analysed in order to learn what they did right, wrong, and how they managed risks. The comparison will be made to support recommendations on how The London Olympic games could have managed risks more effectively. Background The Olympic Games are one of the biggest sporting events where many Athletes from many disciplines and from all around the world gather together and try to be recognised as the best athlete in their discipline. The Olympic Games started in 1894 and the first Olympic Games were inaugurated in Athens 1986. Recently, the Olympic Games have become a mega international sporting event, increasing the interest on cities wanting to host the event. Leaders also see this opportunity to improve economic and social aspects through the investment made by hosting The Olympic Games in their cities, as professional such as planners, engineers, architects from the host city become a vital aspect in the construction of the Olympic facilities. This helps to improve the economy in the area by offering and creating new jobs, and increasing the tourism in the region. However, the past two decades there has been discussion on the socio-economic impact that the Olympic Games leave to the host city (International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2013). The 2012 Olympic Games were hosted in London and they were centred on the Olympic Park in east London. During the time when the games took place it is known that each day there were around 180,000 spectators from all around the work who came to watch The Olympic Games. The London Olympics had a total workforce of 200,000 people from whom 6,000 were staff, 70,000 volunteers and 100,000 contractors (International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2013). Knowledge area Risk management Risk management is used in a project in order to identify potential risks that can somehow affect its objectives. Risks can occur at any time and at any stage during the project, and they may be associated with a particular task, person or it can also be from an element outside the project. Any risks that occur at a very late stage in the project are more likely to have a bigger impact than those that occur at the beginning, because valuable work that has already been done can be loss or damage. Risk management is also important in large projects as it can help to minimised the impact of a risk or totally avoid it, it also can determined what are the actions to take in order to reduce the impact of a particular risk (Lock, 2007, p.99). Processes 1. Plan Risk Management In Plan risk process, the main objective is to define how to carry out all risk management activities. This process is very important as of it depends the success of the other five processes, thus it has to be a carful and precise planning. â€Å"Planning risk management is important to ensure that the degree, type, and visibility of risk management are commensurate with both the risk and the importance of the project of the organisation† (Project Management Institute, 2008). Inputs.- There are many inputs which can be used at this stage such as looking at the project scope statement, cost, communications and schedule management plans. Tools.- In order to carry out a plan on how risk management processes will be conducted, there has to be plan meetings and analysis. The project manager and the project teams have to attend these meetings, as from these meetings risk management activities will be defined during these meeting. Outputs.- A risk management plan can be obtained from the meetings and analysis, including the methodology, roles and responsibilities, budgeting, time and risk categories. 2. Identify Risks The process of identifying risks consists on determining risks that are likely to happen in a project that could affect the objectives of it. During this process, the characteristics of risks have to be determined and documented; there are many people involved such as the project manager, stakeholders, the project team and experts from outside the project team who are trying to identify potential risks (Lock, 2007). Inputs.- There are many resources that can be used in order to identify risks. For instance, cost, risk and schedule management plans can be used to identify risks in these areas. The Value Of Risk Management Essay exampleThe London organizing committee (LOCOG), the government and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) spent many years thinking of potential risks that the London Olympics could face (Jennings, 2012). However, many of these risks did not occur due to the emergency situations responses and contingency plans that were put implemented. For instance, this is the list of organisations and their responsibilities as stakeholders. These organisations had a wide range of responsibilities from risk assessment to contingency responses. †¢ National Risk Register (Cabinet Office) †¢ Audit and management of programme risk (Olympic Board, GOE) †¢ Risk registers and risk logs (GOE, ODA, Olympic Security Directorate ) †¢ Audit (ODA) †¢ Hedging instruments (LOCOG) and insurance (LOCOG, IOC) †¢ Counter-intelligence, risk assessments (Home Office, Metropolitan Police) The Olympic Safety and security strategy was delivered by the OSD together with other partners on behalf of the government. Their outcome was the Olympic Safety and Security Strategic Risk Assessment (OSSSRA); it identified relevant aspects of safety and security which can occur during the hosting of the Olympic Games (OSSSRA, 2011). OSSSRA considered 5 areas which represent a threat to the safety and security during the Olympic Games. These areas were terrorism, serious and organised crime, domestic extremism, public disorder, and major incidents including natural disasters. OSSSRA also looked at the potential types of attacks under each respective area (OSSSRA, 2011). Risk identification OSSSRA used up-to-date intelligence assessments for each one of the threats, this assessments were used to develop a comprehensive picture for the potential risks that may occur during the Games. Experts from the government and other agencies also contributed to the identification and probability of potential risks. And reasonable worst case scenarios were agreed as their probability could be ranked in the next stage (OSSSRA, 2011). Risk probability and impact assessment The next stage was the assessment of the risks that were considered a worst case scenario. The assessment consisted on the impact that they may cause to the overall objectives of the project, experts also assessed these risks on their probability. The probability of natural disasters was assessed by looking at scientific data, and events that could also affect the probability of a risk to happen were also assessed. The likelihood of a terrorism attract was assessed by balancing the willingness of terrorist groups against their capacity (OSSSRA, 2011). Risk quantitative Analysis The government had to decide which risks were more likely to happen and their impact towards the Olympic Games, in order to start planning for a potential response. In this process risks were assessed against the same criteria and they were compared to find which risks represent a greater impact. Therefor a risk matrix was drew which allowed to compare each risk (OSSSRA, 2011). Plan Risk Response The OSD used Strategic Design Requirements which are statements of requirement that can help to mitigate or prevent a risk. â€Å"Then OSD created commissions with partner agencies which will identify tactical and operational requirements needed to be put in place to meet the requirements of the SDRs† (OSSSRA, 2011). Monitor and Controlling At this stage, the OSD makes sure that the duplication of effort and resource expenditure is avoided, as well as identifying any gaps on security and safety by conducting a Risk Reduction Assessment (RRAt) (OSSSRA, 2011). Works Cited BBC News, 2006. 7 July Bombings. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/london_blasts/what_happened/html/ . International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2013. London 2012. Available at: http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_668.pdf . Jennings, W., 2008. Files. Available at: http://www.gamesmonitor.org.uk/files/Jennings_2008_OlympicRisk.pdf . Jennings, W., 2009. London 2012 a risk-based Olympics. Magazine of the ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, (18), pp.14-16. Available at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/CARR/pdf/RiskRegulation18Winter2009.pdf. Jennings, W., 2012. Harvard Business Review. Available at: http://blogs.hbr.org/2012/08/the-olympics-as-a-story-of-ris/ . Jennings, W., 2012. The average cost overrun for producing the Olympics Games has been more than 200% since 1976. British Politics and Policy Blog, pp.3-5. Lock, D., 2007. Project Management. 9th ed. Hampshire: Gower Publishing Limited. ODA, 2011. documents: pdfs. Available at: http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/programme-organisation-and-project-management/112-managing-risk-popm.pdf . OSSSRA, 2011. goverment: uploads. Home Office (2) Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/97982/osssra-summary.pdf . Project Management Institute, 2008. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. 4th ed. Newton Square, Pa. Rosenberg, J., 2014. About.com. Available at: http://history1900s.about.com/od/famouscrimesscandals/p/munichmassacre.htm .