All Animals Are Equal Essay - 1744 Words

In our world, protests occur each day on the issues of animal cruelty and human rights, but when the issues are put together which will reign over the other? The author Peter Singer of â€Å"All Animals are Equal† and â€Å"Tools for Research† presents his argument for determining when animal experiments are justified. The author starts his paper with a counter argument, questioning if one would be willing to let thousands of people die if those people could be saved by experimentation on a single animal. The answer is a unanimous no; in our culture we value human life over everything else. The author follows by asking the reader if they would be prepared to carry out their experiments on humans who are mentally retarded or orphaned babies, if that†¦show more content†¦Third, Singer states that, â€Å"apes, monkeys, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals are more aware of what is happening to them, more self†directing, and at least as sensitive to pain as a human infant.†(Page 2, Tools for Research) Singer is quick to assign cognitive motives to observed animal behaviour when it supports his arguments. However, it is in fact difficult to judge the causes for animal distress based on their reaction (i.e. writhing, facial contortions, moaning, and yelping) as these reactions may not be based on a cognitive awareness but on a self†preservation instinct. Singer and we can only hypothesize what an animal might be feeling, not make categorical arguments as Singer has done. Peter Singer’s argument for determining when animal experiments are justified is stated in his papers â€Å"All Animals are Equal† and â€Å"Tools for Research†. His argument in regards to animal experimentation and speciesism is very thought provoking and makes the readers review their own biases regarding human/animal relations. Although some of the ideas the author brings forward, such as using mentally retarded or orphaned babies for experimentation, are radical, they do make one think about the biases we have as a species. Also, his thoughts on mammals and birds ability to feel pain beingShow MoreRelatedAll Animals Are Equal By Singer1523 Words   |  7 PagesIn his article â€Å"All Animals Are Equal†, Singer discusses his basic principle of equality which is the equality of consideration, and he believes that it should be extended to all sentient beings. With that in mind, he sheds the light on three points that I’ll argue against. Singerâ⠂¬â„¢s first point is that the ability to suffer is what gives something or someone a moral value. The second point he gives is that humans are subordinating the animal interests to their taste preferences. As for the thirdRead MoreAll Animals Are Equal By Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesArgumentative Essay: All Animals are Equal In his book all animals are equal, Singer argues that human beings should extend to non-human species the same equality of consideration that is extended to fellow human beings. He based his argument on the fact that past liberation movements aimed at condemning discriminations based on gender and sex had been declared absurd at their onset, but had later on yielded fruits. This discrimination against animals, he argues, is similar to these past discriminationsRead MoreEqual Rights for Animals in Peter Singer’s Article, All Animals are Equal652 Words   |  3 PagesSinger’s article, All Animals are Equal, Singer claims that animals deserve the same equal rights and respect that the human lives get. His strongest argument is defined by all animals, human or non-human shall be defined as equal. Singer makes some very strong arguments within his article, but I feel some of his statements are humanist. As an animal lover and mother to two pets, I disagree that not all a nimals or living things endure the same amount. However, I do agree that animals do deserve theRead MoreAll Animals Are Equal By Peter Singer1487 Words   |  6 PagesIn Peter Singer’s piece â€Å"All Animals Are Equal†, he begins his argument by an in-depth consideration of notable rights movements, such as the Black Liberation and women’s rights movement, then segues into the justification for equal consideration of rights regarding animals, before finally exposing the immorality behind factory farming and animal cruelty. According to Singer, â€Å"the basic principle of equality†¦is equality of consideration; and equal consideration for different beings may lead to differentRead MoreAll Animals Are Equal By Peter Singer1915 Words   |  8 Pagesgiven that there was no cruelty involved with raising and killing the cows, the cows are merely a means to an end. In â€Å"All Animals Are Equal†, Peter Singer, a utilitarian, claims that any being that has the capacity for suffering should be given the right to equal consideration (153). Singer is against speciesism, which is the belief that all and only human beings deserve a full and equal moral status, or that one non-human species is superior over another non-human species. Singer argues that a being’sRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of Peter Singer, All Animals Are Equal977 Words   |  4 PagesSinger, All Animals are Equal In order to understand Peter Singers article All Animals Are Equal, one has to look at his viewpoint and perspective. Singer is a utilitarian, which is someone who believes that best outcome is something that causes that greatest amount of pleasure (or the least amount of pain) for the greatest number of people. However, in this definition the word people is used, as to mean only humans. This is the point that Singer is trying to argue. Who is to say that animals do notRead MoreAnalysis Of Animal Farm, By George Orwell1235 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1945. The book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. Animal farm includes use of propaganda as well. A quote for example would be â€Å"some animals are equal but some are more equal than others.† I think that this book fits that quote very well as the author makes Napoleon along with Snowball are the leaders of th e rebellion against Jones. A few questions that come to mind areRead MoreCompare Tom Regan, Carl Cohen and Peter Singer in Terms of Animal Rights813 Words   |  4 PagesSinger Animal rights are one of the most controversial issues today. There has been endless debate about whether or not animals have rights. Philosophers attempt to come up with the moral conclusions by taking in account the many different standpoints and presenting their related arguments. In his essay â€Å"The case of animal rights†, Tom Regan, a professor of philosophy at North Carolina State University, defends his view that the center of our moral concern should not bring the suffering on animal asRead MoreAnimal Rights And Utilitarianism1063 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Rights and Utilitarianism Peter Singer argues, in regard to animal rights, that equal beings with equal interests should be considered equally. Singer makes three claims about equality to support his position; equality is based on equal consideration, speciesism is unjustified, and the ability to feel pain makes one worthy of moral consideration. He believes equal interests deserve equal treatment, and guidelines for having interests concern sentience; the ability to experience suffering.Read MoreAccepting Non Human Animals As Our Moral Equals Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesZhiyuan Li Philosophy 2367 Accepting Non-Human Animals as Our Moral Equals In her essay Speaking of Animal Rights, Warren (1987) argues for the weak animal rights position, which holds that non-human animals have weaker rights than human beings because non-human animals do not have the same moral status as us human beings (383-4). This is due to their lack of the ability to â€Å"reason well enough to function as autonomous moral agents† (385), which she believes is a requirement for being moral of human

The Earth s Core Astronomy - 1272 Words

Under the sun s scorching dense beams, I lounge in my house located just outside the city of Eurasic. I begin to pack for space, arriving home from a test trial of the space zones departing in several weeks. Since my 18th birthday, I have currently been living alone in a small pod for the past 4 years Eurasic is one of five neighboring cities remaining on the earth. Due to the significant effects of global warming, the earth is dying, turning a fragile antique object that is ready to sell. The land is eroding, destroying and flooding, leaving few parts of European land to call home for the 2 million people who remain. With this dilemma, I have done my part to ensure the survival of the human race. For the past ten years, space†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"We need to make sure that nothing is cut short, especially food,† another engineer mentions while I diligently work. â€Å"This is such a huge moment in history,† James acknowledges, â€Å"Space travel has been blocked off ever since the horrific crash 30 years ago, leading to the bankruptcy of NASA.† Apparently NASA was some fancy space program created by the government, but for now, ECAPS will hope to replace and improve off of NASA’s mistakes. Space travel laws have been abolished, once again allowing people to space travel. Ever since I was young, I have heard stories about the earth and how it was 60 years ago,â€Å"the earth was pure and full of life,† my mother would acknowledge, â€Å" animals roamed the lands, human population was vast and people would travel to space for experimenting.† Such extinctions and adventures have left people like me confused. How much did the earth loose in such a short period of time? Yes, there are a lot of questions that currently have yet to be answered, but our taoks(toks) don’t have the knowledge to provide people the information that is such desired. Toks, are arms devices containing files that have been stored, (some private and others accessible to review) and required to be implanted at the age of 18.

Managing Brands (Pros and Cons of Brands) Free Essays

Introduction We live in a world of capitalism and multinational brands dominate the consumer market. To the consumer, brands that have existed over many years represent quality, esteem, identity, trust and above all, a very reliable source of customer support and care. Companies try to promote their brand equity by vigorous advertisement campaigns. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Brands (Pros and Cons of Brands) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Targeted advertisements enhance the brand image and increase the competitive advantage by providing a Brand identity. Firms also use brand extension to increase their profitability by extending the power of their brand image to other product lines. While powerful brands utilize their brand equity and exercise their muscle power to dominate the market they are also having to face with increasing competition from store brands and retailers who promote their own products. Ultimately the focus of all brands is to improve customer equity. From the consumer perspective, the price for value proposition of brands has to be considered. A brief overview of some of the important factors pertaining to brands and how they shape or affect consumer behavior would help us better understand the pros and cons of brands. Advantages of brands As the renowned British advertisement giant David Ogilvy said, brands represent â€Å"the consumer’s idea of a product [or a service] â€Å"(Ogilvy, 2004). Brands provide product differentiation and therefore help the consumers get what they need. In order to maintain their market stronghold and to improve their competitive edge brands have to constantly innovate. This is very good for the consumers as they have wide variety of products to choose from. With their specialized resources brands can cater to evolving user demands. The marketing muscle of brands also enables them to provide improved consumer education of the newer products. (Gehlar et.al, 2009) When the market is flooded by products, customers can make informed choices only if they are able to compare various product features. When customers do not have access to product information to compare, they automatically select a brand based on its reputation. So the reputation of brands acts as the quality indicator and it influences the purchasing behavior under such circumstances. (Douglas) In this way brands reduce the risk of purchase for the customer. Today consumers become more knowledgeable and increasingly sophisticated. They can make the brand accountable for their business practices. For example, the awareness about the infamous ‘sweat shops’ of Nike was shocking for US customers. In one survey it was revealed that 85% of the US customers were willing to pay 5% more for the branded products if they were manufactured legally and not from sweat shops. (Ward, 2003)Thus, under consumer pressure big brands would be motivated to adopt ethical business practices. Disadvantages of Branding In discussing the downsides of Brands from the customer viewpoint, the first and foremost concern is the Price issue. Brands spend an inordinate amount of money in advertising and improving their brand image and value. Invariably these marketing expenditures are transferred on to the customer. It is not a surprise that Coca Cola, the leading brand in the world, spent as much as $2.9 billion on advertising in 2010. In other words, the customer is spending several times more for Coca Cola’s advertisements than the actual cost for every bottle of the soft drink. (McWilliams, 2011) How about spending a part of this expenditure towards salaries of the workers? Next, the fixated idea that high cost and quality go together may not always be true. Researchers who tested several store brands and compared it with national brand products have confirmed this. In a study by ‘Consumer Reports ‘that tested 19 store branded food products against national brands it was found that the quality of all the store brands were at least equal to the Branded products. Also, there was a 27% price difference between the store brands and national brands. As a case in point, the price of Costco’s vanilla extract is only 35 cents per ounce while the price for one ounce of the same product from McCormick’s is $3.34. (Consumer Reports, 2009) This difference is ascribed to the advertisement costs.A study by Wolf et.al (2005) that compared 4 store brand products with one national Brand also found that store brands could offer same quality of products but at a lower cost compared to national brands. The advertisement influence that brands have on children is also studied by researchers. One study by Roper et.al (2007) concluded that brands tend to create a social division among children. In a social setting such as a school, for instance, Kids who cannot afford a particular brand may be marginalized and discriminated against. Thus brand culture may negatively impact the development of school children. Conclusion Brands offer many advantages and disadvantages for the consumers. For those consumers who are not price conscious brands provide easy product differentiation, quality assurance and good after sale care. Brands promote identity development and the brand image adds to the well being of the customer. On the other hand, branded goods are high priced, often several times the actual commodity value. Under the times of economic recession consumers can no longer afford to pay for the exorbitant amount of money brands spend for advertisements. With retailers pushing the store brands at much lower prices and of comparable quality it does not make sense to pay a hefty price for branded products. This when considering the fact that many brands simply pay meager wages to their workers, is ethically unacceptable. Ultimately it is the consumer who has to make a judicious choice. Bibliography Consumer Reports,( 2009), Consumer Reports compares Store Brand food vs. big name brands, Viewed Nov 11th 2011, Don Douglas, Branding; advantages and disadvantages: Is there an Optimal Solution, Viewed Nov 11th 2011, Dan Sewel Ward, 2003, Sweat Shops, viewed Nov 11th 2011, Jeremiah McWilliams , (2011), Coco-Cola Spent more than $2.9 Billion on advertising in 2010, viewed Nov 11th 2011, Kristof De Wulf, Gaby Odekerken-Schroder Frank Goedertier (2005), Consumer perceptions of store brands versus national brands, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 22 Iss: 4, pp.223 – 232. Mark J. Gehlhar, Anita Regmi, Spiro E. Stefanou et.al, (2009), Brand leadership and product innovation as firm strategies in global food markets†, Journal of Product Brand Management, Vol. 18 Iss: 2, pp.115 – 126 Ogilvy, David (2004) Confessions of an advertising man, London: Southbank Publishing. Stuart Roper, Binita Shah, (2007) â€Å"Vulnerable consumers: the social impact of branding on children†, Equal Opportunities International, Vol. 26 Iss: 7, pp.712 – 728 How to cite Managing Brands (Pros and Cons of Brands), Essay examples

Risk Management at the Llondon 2012 Olympics Essay Example For Students

Risk Management at the Llondon 2012 Olympics Essay Introduction The objective of this paper is to define and analyse what risks management was carried out during the London Olympic Games, aspects of risk management such as how risks were identified, the type of risk analysis that was carried out, the risk responses opted in order to minimise threats, and how risks were monitored and controlled will be analysed further. After obtaining this information, a comparison with other Olympic Games will be analysed in order to learn what they did right, wrong, and how they managed risks. The comparison will be made to support recommendations on how The London Olympic games could have managed risks more effectively. Background The Olympic Games are one of the biggest sporting events where many Athletes from many disciplines and from all around the world gather together and try to be recognised as the best athlete in their discipline. The Olympic Games started in 1894 and the first Olympic Games were inaugurated in Athens 1986. Recently, the Olympic Games have become a mega international sporting event, increasing the interest on cities wanting to host the event. Leaders also see this opportunity to improve economic and social aspects through the investment made by hosting The Olympic Games in their cities, as professional such as planners, engineers, architects from the host city become a vital aspect in the construction of the Olympic facilities. This helps to improve the economy in the area by offering and creating new jobs, and increasing the tourism in the region. However, the past two decades there has been discussion on the socio-economic impact that the Olympic Games leave to the host city (International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2013). The 2012 Olympic Games were hosted in London and they were centred on the Olympic Park in east London. During the time when the games took place it is known that each day there were around 180,000 spectators from all around the work who came to watch The Olympic Games. The London Olympics had a total workforce of 200,000 people from whom 6,000 were staff, 70,000 volunteers and 100,000 contractors (International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2013). Knowledge area Risk management Risk management is used in a project in order to identify potential risks that can somehow affect its objectives. Risks can occur at any time and at any stage during the project, and they may be associated with a particular task, person or it can also be from an element outside the project. Any risks that occur at a very late stage in the project are more likely to have a bigger impact than those that occur at the beginning, because valuable work that has already been done can be loss or damage. Risk management is also important in large projects as it can help to minimised the impact of a risk or totally avoid it, it also can determined what are the actions to take in order to reduce the impact of a particular risk (Lock, 2007, p.99). Processes 1. Plan Risk Management In Plan risk process, the main objective is to define how to carry out all risk management activities. This process is very important as of it depends the success of the other five processes, thus it has to be a carful and precise planning. â€Å"Planning risk management is important to ensure that the degree, type, and visibility of risk management are commensurate with both the risk and the importance of the project of the organisation† (Project Management Institute, 2008). Inputs.- There are many inputs which can be used at this stage such as looking at the project scope statement, cost, communications and schedule management plans. Tools.- In order to carry out a plan on how risk management processes will be conducted, there has to be plan meetings and analysis. The project manager and the project teams have to attend these meetings, as from these meetings risk management activities will be defined during these meeting. Outputs.- A risk management plan can be obtained from the meetings and analysis, including the methodology, roles and responsibilities, budgeting, time and risk categories. 2. Identify Risks The process of identifying risks consists on determining risks that are likely to happen in a project that could affect the objectives of it. During this process, the characteristics of risks have to be determined and documented; there are many people involved such as the project manager, stakeholders, the project team and experts from outside the project team who are trying to identify potential risks (Lock, 2007). Inputs.- There are many resources that can be used in order to identify risks. For instance, cost, risk and schedule management plans can be used to identify risks in these areas. The Value Of Risk Management Essay exampleThe London organizing committee (LOCOG), the government and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) spent many years thinking of potential risks that the London Olympics could face (Jennings, 2012). However, many of these risks did not occur due to the emergency situations responses and contingency plans that were put implemented. For instance, this is the list of organisations and their responsibilities as stakeholders. These organisations had a wide range of responsibilities from risk assessment to contingency responses. †¢ National Risk Register (Cabinet Office) †¢ Audit and management of programme risk (Olympic Board, GOE) †¢ Risk registers and risk logs (GOE, ODA, Olympic Security Directorate ) †¢ Audit (ODA) †¢ Hedging instruments (LOCOG) and insurance (LOCOG, IOC) †¢ Counter-intelligence, risk assessments (Home Office, Metropolitan Police) The Olympic Safety and security strategy was delivered by the OSD together with other partners on behalf of the government. Their outcome was the Olympic Safety and Security Strategic Risk Assessment (OSSSRA); it identified relevant aspects of safety and security which can occur during the hosting of the Olympic Games (OSSSRA, 2011). OSSSRA considered 5 areas which represent a threat to the safety and security during the Olympic Games. These areas were terrorism, serious and organised crime, domestic extremism, public disorder, and major incidents including natural disasters. OSSSRA also looked at the potential types of attacks under each respective area (OSSSRA, 2011). Risk identification OSSSRA used up-to-date intelligence assessments for each one of the threats, this assessments were used to develop a comprehensive picture for the potential risks that may occur during the Games. Experts from the government and other agencies also contributed to the identification and probability of potential risks. And reasonable worst case scenarios were agreed as their probability could be ranked in the next stage (OSSSRA, 2011). Risk probability and impact assessment The next stage was the assessment of the risks that were considered a worst case scenario. The assessment consisted on the impact that they may cause to the overall objectives of the project, experts also assessed these risks on their probability. The probability of natural disasters was assessed by looking at scientific data, and events that could also affect the probability of a risk to happen were also assessed. The likelihood of a terrorism attract was assessed by balancing the willingness of terrorist groups against their capacity (OSSSRA, 2011). Risk quantitative Analysis The government had to decide which risks were more likely to happen and their impact towards the Olympic Games, in order to start planning for a potential response. In this process risks were assessed against the same criteria and they were compared to find which risks represent a greater impact. Therefor a risk matrix was drew which allowed to compare each risk (OSSSRA, 2011). Plan Risk Response The OSD used Strategic Design Requirements which are statements of requirement that can help to mitigate or prevent a risk. â€Å"Then OSD created commissions with partner agencies which will identify tactical and operational requirements needed to be put in place to meet the requirements of the SDRs† (OSSSRA, 2011). Monitor and Controlling At this stage, the OSD makes sure that the duplication of effort and resource expenditure is avoided, as well as identifying any gaps on security and safety by conducting a Risk Reduction Assessment (RRAt) (OSSSRA, 2011). Works Cited BBC News, 2006. 7 July Bombings. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/london_blasts/what_happened/html/ . International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2013. London 2012. Available at: http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_668.pdf . Jennings, W., 2008. Files. Available at: http://www.gamesmonitor.org.uk/files/Jennings_2008_OlympicRisk.pdf . Jennings, W., 2009. London 2012 a risk-based Olympics. Magazine of the ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, (18), pp.14-16. Available at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/CARR/pdf/RiskRegulation18Winter2009.pdf. Jennings, W., 2012. Harvard Business Review. Available at: http://blogs.hbr.org/2012/08/the-olympics-as-a-story-of-ris/ . Jennings, W., 2012. The average cost overrun for producing the Olympics Games has been more than 200% since 1976. British Politics and Policy Blog, pp.3-5. Lock, D., 2007. Project Management. 9th ed. Hampshire: Gower Publishing Limited. ODA, 2011. documents: pdfs. Available at: http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/programme-organisation-and-project-management/112-managing-risk-popm.pdf . OSSSRA, 2011. goverment: uploads. Home Office (2) Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/97982/osssra-summary.pdf . Project Management Institute, 2008. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. 4th ed. Newton Square, Pa. Rosenberg, J., 2014. About.com. Available at: http://history1900s.about.com/od/famouscrimesscandals/p/munichmassacre.htm .

The novel by Bram Stoker Essay Example For Students

The novel by Bram Stoker Essay Dracula adapted by David Calcutt from the novel by Bram Stoker, is a compelling and dramatic play which conveys horror extremely well. The central characters are Jonathan Harker, his fiancee Mina and their friends, and of course Dracula. This shows an example of successful horror as they all have an encounter with the lord of all darkness and evil, Dracula.  In the opening scene, horror is conveyed when Jonathan Harker goes to Draculas castle. There is alot of mystery surrounding Dracula. When Johnathan arrives in Trasylvania, to go and see Dracula (about his new home in England) he goes to stay in an inn. He tells the Land Lady why he has come to Transyvania. She shudders and tries to put him off going there. In the morning, before Jonathan sets off on his travels, the Land Lady of the inn gives Jonathan a crucifix. Please. Take it. For safety. It will protect you. The Land Lady said to Jonathan, as if he was needing protecting from something dangerous or something evil. The description that the author gives of the mountains is appropriate for this play. He describes them as being Bathed in a deep red light and red is the colour of blood. It is also associated with evil and danger. We will write a custom essay on The novel by Bram Stoker specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In scene three after Jonathan has arrived at the castle and met Dracula, to convey horror, three hags are added. Adding the hags to the play provides a hypnotic element, like they have put Jonathan under a spell. They use figurative speech and metophorical language when they are talking. An example of this is The scratch of the spiders leg over the floor. This is used to describe the hags voice. It doesnt really sound like that, it is probably a low rough sounding voice, but describing it like this gives it a supernatural effect. When they are saying things to him, such as We suck the hot blood from your veins or We suck the last breath from your soul, they are hypnotising Jonathan so they can eat him and, as they are speaking they are slowly moving in, closer and closer, as Jonathan is lying on a bed. This is a good example of horror because he would obviously be scared at seeing three ugly hags closing in on him for a feed. They are trying to trick him into thinking he is asleep. Jonathan also discovers in this scene how Dracula sleeps. He is trying to escape from Draculas castle when he sees a chapel. He jumps down into the chapel where he finds coffins. He opens the lid of one and finds Dracula. Not dead, or asleep. The description of Dracula in his coffin turns the atmosphere from eerie and strange, to a play about evil and horror. The description of lips red with blood, shows that Dracula has been eating something, or someone. In scene four to put horror across to the reader, the dramatist adds Mr Swales into the play to help add a bit more fear and superstition. Mr Swales can see into the future: Maybe its just that I can feel my own death approaching. Mr Swales, for some reason, thought he was going to die. The description at the end of act one is a good link into act two. The end sentence in act one,  So evil came into this land, and cast its shadow upon it,  and took possesion.  ties in with the beginning of act two because there is a violent storm. The evil is Dracula and the shadow is the storm. Took possesion is where Mr Swales dies as Dracula has taken over his soul, the evil, (Dracula) that came into the land took possesion of Mr Swales. This adds more fear to the play as Mr Swales prediction comes true. .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e , .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e .postImageUrl , .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e , .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e:hover , .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e:visited , .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e:active { border:0!important; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e:active , .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u697d6bc9e8d708bd1478109135c7041e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Kill a Mockingbird - Assignment - Theme of Prejudice EssayIn act two, the author conveys horror well by adding a storm to the play. The author also adds mystery, because during the storm a ship appears and, the ship makes it to the harbour, even though its rough seas. The coastguard went onto the ship and found a corpse tied to the steering wheel. The coastguard also finds several boxes about five or six feet in length. This made me think about who was on the ship. I think that there were only two people on the ship; Dracula and the corpse on the wheel. I think Dracula bit the other mans neck. He is now a slave of Dracula and that is why he seemed to be steering the ship. At the end of this scene a large grey dog is seen jumping of the ship. I think that Dracula turned himself into this dog to avoid being seen by the crowed that had now gathered at the harbour. He also has the power to change the weather, so, I think he changed the weather so it would be dark when he arrived in Britain. (so that he wouldnt die from being in the daylight.) It is a good way to introduce Dracula into Britain, an effective way of describing his arrival.

Dmitri Mendeleyev

Dmitri Mendeleyev Dmitri MendeleyevDmitri Mendeleyev, the youngest of fourteen children was born on February 7Th 1834, in Tobolisk Sibena. His parents were Ivan Mendeleyev, the director of a gymnasium and Marya his mother whos family introduced glass and paper making to Sibernia. When Dmitri was young his father died; so his mother had to work to make the money for the family. She managed the glass factory in Aremziansk, making it hard for her to be at home with her children.Educated at the gymnasium in Tobisk, Dmitri showed strong interest in math and physics. He also was very educated with current science topics and glass blowing from being around the family factory. By age 14 Mendeleyev showed strong scientific promise. Seeing this Mayra wanted him to have a good education.The Mendeleyev family left for Moscow, hoping Dmitri could receive a good education at a University. Nothing good came out of Moscow so they continued on to St. Petersburg in 1855.Dmitri Demiashkin 02

CIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

CIS - Essay Example C++ is an extension of the C programming language. It is a high level third-generation programming language that was originally designed for UNIX systems. The term â€Å"C++† was coined in 1983. C is another programming language that was developed by Dennis M. Ritchie in the 1970s at Bell Labs (Codingunit.com, n.d). Bjarne Stroustrup had worked with Simula, the first object-oriented programming language. The idea of creating C++ arose from a need for features that were not possible with other languages at that time. He added object oriented features borrowed from Simula into C to create a new programming language that was fast, efficient and easier to design. C++ is currently used in desktop applications, telecommunication systems, data analysis, simulation, manufacturing systems, clinical systems, irrigation control systems, web applications, graphics design, desktop and mobile operating systems amongst other uses (Stroustrup.com, 2015). iv) Lines four and six have opening and closing braces. These braces indicate the beginning and end of the int main() function definition. The content inside the braces is the actual code that will be executed when this function is called by the program. v) The fifth line is a statement. A statement is any expression that results in the occurrence of an action in the program. The first part of the statement, std::cout, identifies the standard character output device, in this case, the screen. The insertion operator (

LITERATURE REVIEW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

LITERATURE REVIEW - Essay Example † In the same context, the paper therefore seeks to establish the different ethical issues that may affect the running of a multinational company. This is important because the success of human resource management of any company is highly dependent on ethical issues put in place by the entire management board. According to Trevino and Nelson (2012, p.215), ethical issues regardless of the cultural situation are defined by primary and secondary stakeholders. The paper will therefore bring into view the different ethical issues as indicated by the Abraham’s Stakeholder model and try to figure out the strength of these ethical issues as would determine the success of human resource management and progressive development in a company operating multi-nationally. Stakeholders That Determine Company Ethics Business partners Partnership in a business can be a much polarised issue when unethical business actions are put in place by one organization. According to Pige (2002, p.4), a business will run effectively if the business partners perceive it as being beneficial to them. In this case, they are bound to support each other in their various capacities and the various business entities. For instance, if Western Airlines is a company that benefits the economy of a non-western nation like China, the business partners in China will support its operations there. However, if there is suspicion of market dominance by the Chinese partners, there is bound to be creation of unethical business acts to scare away the market from the Western Airlines. This creates a very complicated system in the management of the foreign company as unethical acts may require a lot of public relations to regain the diminishing glory (Phillips, 2011, p. 81). In this case, the issue of â€Å"who or what counts† come in and there is a high level misunderstanding. However, if these two companies have a sound business partnership, there will be a high level ethical business partners hip and ability to create good public relations to each other (Kardys, 2012, p. 2). Customers These are the modest reasons for the existence of any company. From a background perspective, Regelbrugge (1998, p.3) indicates that any business must do all it takes to create a high level market for its products. This is in line with expansion of the customers and rendering their needs to their satisfaction. Any unethical act that hurts the customers goes a long way in alienating a company from a market. Multinational companies in the same way face a very tricky situation in trying to maintain the same in the wake of the unethical issue. A recent article by Soni (2009, p.4) maintained the same idea by insisting that if company staffs mishandle a customer, it may go a long way in becoming unethical in the entire customer society. The business will therefore lose a high level customer base to its competitors who are always at standby to initiate these into their company products. Employees Ethics inside an organization has not been a recent issue. As indicated earlier, the motivation to work effectively is levelled towards the beneficial factors that can be realised at the end of the whole process. Employees always have competing goals. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there is always a need to be happy and the need for satisfaction comes in. The management levels in all organizations however are never the same. Some are horizontal while

How engineering has a negative impact on the natural environment Essay

How engineering has a negative impact on the natural environment - Essay Example Conferring to Balaban (2012), constructions are huge contributors to ecological deterioration. Moreover, it is quite clear that additional actions are required in order to make the building activities and the built environment ecological. Construction activities are among the major exploiters of both non-renewable and renewable natural resources. It depends profoundly on the natural environment to acquire raw materials that are used in these activities. These raw materials comprise of sand, timber, and aggregate for the construction process. According to Horvath (2004), the construction activities devours 40% of the globe’s sand, gravel, and raw stones and 25% of the virgin timber annually. Additionally, it devours 16% of water and 40% of the energy. The mining of these natural resources brings about permanent alterations to the natural ecology of the coastal areas and the countryside, both from a scenic and an ecological point of view. The following transformation of these zones into geographically dispersed locations not only brings about extra consumption of energy, but also upsurges the volume of particulate matter into the air. Construction activities and the extraction of raw materials also contribute to the build-up of pollutants in the air. The United States construction activities done by engineers is responsible for 20% of the waste found in water, 40% of the emissions to the atmosphere and 13% comprise of further releases. Dust and other releases comprise of particular poisonous substances such as sulp hur oxides and nitrogen. They are released in the course of transportation and production of materials along with from site activities. They have triggered serious dangers to the natural ecology. Further, dangerous materials like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are applied in fire-fighting systems, refrigeration plants, air conditioning, and insulation and have serious effects on the ozone layer. The ozone is a vapour

An Essay on Loss and Grief

An Essay on Loss and Grief Choose one event on loss and construct an academic essay supported by relevant academic sources INTRODUCTION This essay explores my experience of loss and grief after the death of my father in 1997 and how my grieving process relates to theories put forward to explain and deal with bereavement. Hall (2014) suggests that loss and grief are fundamental to human life..Harvey (1998) perceives loss as a life experience relating to something irreversible and emotions towards what is lost. Hall (2014) defines grief as the response to the loss in its totality – including its physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and spiritual manifestations – and as a natural and normal reaction to loss. It has been argued that in order to understand grief it is important to understand the role of attachment. Mallon (2008) observed that in order to have loss there must be attachment. As a result many theories of attachment play a major role in bereavement counseling. Bowlby (1980) emphasised the role of attachment in relationships. He suggests that a childs emotional growth will be compromised i f the child does not have attachment to a significant other person. The consequences can be that the individual may have difficulties connecting with others. This essay will first explore some of the salient theories on grief and bereavement. Secondly, a discussion of my experiences grieving my fathers death drawing on some key elements of bereavement theories will follow. Finally, a summary of the discussion will conclude the essay. THEORIES OF BEREAVEMENT AND LOSS Freud (1953 – 1974) was the first major contributor to the theory of grief. His theory stressed that grieving individuals search for an attachment that has been lost. His work involved the process of breaking the links that bonded the survivor to the deceased. He identified three elements namely: Freeing the bereaved from the bondage to the deceased Readjustment to life without the deceased Building new relationships. Parkes (1971, 1996) argued that Freuds concept of grief was useful in considering grief to be part of a rebuilding process which he calls psychosocial transition. Freud (1953-1974) argued that the grieving experience for the bereaved requires that they acknowledge their separation from the deceased by going through a process that includes painful emotions of guilt and anger. Furthermore, these emotions must be expressed. Key to Freuds approach was the idea that if the bereaved failed to work with or complete their grief work, then the grieving process would become complicated and compromise recovery. This model stresses the importance of moving on as quickly as possible in order to return to normal functioning. Influenced by Freud (1953-1974), several grief theorists including Kà ¼bler Ross (1969), Bowlby (1980) and Parkes Weiss (1983) conceptualised grief as a process of predictable phases and tasks. One of the most recognised was Kà ¼bler Ross (1969), who proposed the five-stage model that constituted the following stages: Shock and denial Anger Resentment and guilt Bargaining Depression and Acceptance. The model insists that failure to complete the stages would result in acute mental health complications. Hall (2014) argues that the stage theories were popular because they suggest a sense of conceptual order while offering hope of recovery and closure. Despite their popularity, most stage theories attracted criticism in the same way that Freuds proposition attracted criticism for their lack of empirical evidence and their rigidity. Furthermore, the stage theories have been challenged for their inability to capture the complex, diverse and multi-faceted nature of the grieving experience. Baxter and Diehl (1998) argue that since grief is considered to be fluid, it is unlikely that individuals are able to go through the stages in a methodical manner as advocated by the stage theorists. In short, they do not take account of factors such as the physical, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual needs that impact on the bereaved people, their families and intimate networks (Hall 201 4). Despite these criticisms, early stage theories have provided great groundwork and influence on current theories such as the Dual-Processing theory developed by Stroebe and Schut (1999) and Worden (2008). Hall (2014) argues that these theories take account of many of the risks and protective factors identified by research and provide an important context for appreciating the idiosyncratic nature of attachment to the deceased that is lacking in the earlier stage theories. Both models provide frameworks that guide intervention. Richardson and Balaswamy (2001), when evaluating the Dual Processing Model, suggested that avoiding grief can have both positive and negative outcomes. They proposed that this is where bereavement is perceived as including Loss of Orientation and Restoration Orientation. The griever in the loss-orientation is preoccupied with emotions, yearning and ruminating about the deceased, whereas, restoration orientation involves taking over the responsibilities and the ro les undertaken by the deceased and making lifestyle changes, setting up a new identity without the deceased (Richardson, 2007; Bennett, 2010a). Worden (2008) suggests that grieving should be considered as an active process that involves engagement with four tasks: Accepting the reality of the loss Processing the pain of grief Adjusting to a world without the deceased (including both internal, external and spiritual adjustments) Finding an enduring connection with the deceased whilst embarking on a new life. To understand what the client is experiencing, Worden identified seven determinants that need to be considered: Who the person who died was The nature of the attachment to the deceased How the person died Historical antecedents Personality variables Social mediators Concurrent stressors EXPERIENCES OF GRIEF In discussing my grieving process, I am going to draw on Wordens (2008) four tasks indicated above. The seven determinants indicated above will be used to guide the discussion and interpret the experience utilising relevant theoretical perspectives. i. To accept the reality of the loss I was in the UK undertaking my nursing course when my father died in Zimbabwe from a sudden heart related problem. I was informed early in the morning soon after my brother received news of his death. Since I was living alone, I had to make several phone calls home to confirm his death and to ascertain how he died and establish why more was not done. I remember crying but the tears did not correspond to my emotions. For a long time I felt detached from my feelings. My emotions appeared to be bottled up and were difficult to release. My immediate response to the news reflects Bowlby and Parkes (1970)s proposed first stage of grief where the individual experiences numbness, shock, and denial. I had always dreaded the day my father would die. I remember pacing up and down my bedroom, feeling very alone and helpless. During one of the calls from my brother, he mentioned that he needed me there. That was the time that I realised that this was real. It was at this moment that I started to call friends and informing them of the news. I cannot remember most of what happened but I remember one of my friends took over and made the necessary travel arrangements and spoke to my family in Zimbabwe. I believe that I only accepted the loss much later when I found that I could not share with him that I had bought a beautiful house. I desperately needed his comments and praises. My letter with the surprise information and pictures was in the post box when he passed away. ii. To process the pain of grief I believe I experienced the pain of losing my father when I returned to the UK after going through three weeks of the funeral and other rituals related to death in my culture. The cultural rituals are a mixed bag of tears, laughter, praying, singing and sharing memories and kinship with the deceased. This, to a large extent, eased me into the grieving process. However, the real pain of his loss took place when I returned to the UK where I could grieve in private. I found myself avoiding friends and other associates. It was as if my identity had been taken away and that made me tearful. This echoes the suggestion by Caserta and Lund (1992) that the bereaved may have to redefine their identity. Prompting questions like Who am I now that I am no longer a daughter? Hall (2011) and Caserta and Lund (1992) suggest that this can set in motion a process of re-learning ourselves and the world. On reflection, friends and associates reminded me of the me that I had lost. The pain would come and go. I often cried on my own. The crying and anxiety concurs with Bowlbys proposition that loss of the affectional attachment results in emotional disturbances such as anxiety, crying and anger (Freeman, 2005). I experienced this for over a year and felt lost. Although functioning, I was no longer myself. I started having frequent dreams of my father and would look forward to going to bed where I could be with my father. iii. To adjust to a world without the deceased It is difficult to identify exactly when it was that I adjusted to a life without my father. It took a long time. Although we lived far from each other, my father played a major role in most of my decisions and reassurances. Two events contributed to my adjustment. Firstly, my mother encouraged me to register for a Masters course that I was talking myself out of. Suddenly, I saw my fathers qualities in her. The security and trust I had in my father had transferred to my mother. Secondly, crying uncontrollably at a church in the UK the day I received news that my brother had died in a car accident. On reflection I realised that although I was crying for the loss of my brother, I was also finally crying for my father. Taking over care for my brothers children added to the adjustment of living without my father. iv. Finding an enduring connection with the deceased whilst embarking on a new life Being ancestral believers, the bond between my late father and me remains but it manifests in a different form to the bond we had when he was alive. I believe that spiritually, my father and my forefathers protect me and help me achieve my ambitions by chasing away bad spirits and creating luck and opportunities for me. My family and I participate in cultural rituals in remembrance of him and our forefathers. Psychologically, my bond with my father remains as he continues to be my role model. As a result, I dedicate most of my achievements to him. This continued connection and perceived role played by my father 18 years after his death confirm Datson and Marwits (1997) argument that continued bonds with deceased can have positive outcomes. Therefore, letting go is not necessarily the requirement for successful grieving. According to Hall (2014) this idea represents recognition that death ends a life, not necessarily a relationship. CONCLUSION The discussion above illustrates that the theoretical perspectives of loss and bereavement have developed from emotional attachment to more holistic approaches. These theories not only carry on the influences of the early work focused on emotions and attachment but take account of the social, economic, cultural and spiritual needs experienced by bereaved people. Significantly, these theories do not center letting go as a requirement of successful grieving. On the contrary, a continued bond with the deceased can be positive. My experience largely confirmed the complexity of the grieving process. Some of the experiences indicated above confirmed some of the early theorists observations such as the emotional rollercoaster and the early stage theorists suggestions of shock in the early stages. I did not however experience the full stages of grieving in chronological order, and the experience was by no means quick. Factors such as my culture and spiritual beliefs contributed significantly to my grieving process and influenced the outcome of my continued bond with father. In view of this it can be argued that there is a place for the different approaches to loss and bereavement in supporting bereaved people. However, the multi-cultural society encouraged by globalisation requires that we take account of the wider aspects of the bereavement process. REFERENCES Baxter, E. A. and Diehl, S. (1998). Emotional stages: Consumers and family members recovering from the trauma of mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 21(4) Bennett, K. M. (2010a). You cant spend years with someone and just cast them aside: Augmented identity in older British widows. Journal of Women and Aging, 22, (3), 204-217 Bennett, K. M. (2010b). How to achieve resilience as an older widower: Turning points or gradual change? Ageing and Society, 30 (03), 369-382. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Volume 3, Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books Bowlby, J. and Parkes, C. M. (1970). Separation and loss within the family. In E. J. Anthony C. Koupernik (Eds.), The child in his family: International Yearbook of Child Psychiatry and Allied Professions (pp. 197-216), New York: Wiley Caserta, M. S. and Lund D. A. (1992). Bereavement stress and coping among older adults: Expectations versus the actual experience. Omega, 25, 33-45. Datson, S. L. and Marwit, S. J. (1997). Personality constructs and perceived presence of deceased loved ones. Death Studies, 21 , 131 -146 Freud, S. (1953/1974). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Strachey (Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14). London: Hogarth. (Original work published in 1917.) Freeman, S. (2005). Grief and Loss: Understanding the Journey. Belmont, CA: Thompson Brooks/ Cole. Hall, C. (2011). Beyond Kubler-Ross: Recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement.Retrieved June 19, 2015, from  http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2011/december/hall/ Hall, C, 2014. Bereavement theory: recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement, Bereavement Care, 33:1, 7-12, .Retrieved June 19, 2015, from:http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2011/december/hall/ Harvey J. H. (1998). Perspectives on Loss, a Sourcebook. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis Kà ¼bler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying . New York: Springer Mallon, B. (2008). Attachment and loss, death and dying. Theoretical foundations for bereavement counselling. In Praise for the Book: Dying, death and grief: Working with adult bereavement. (pp. 4-17). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Parkes, C. M. (1971). Psycho-Social Transitions: A field for study. Social Science and Medicine, 5. 101-115 Parkes, C. M. (1996). Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life (3rd Ed.). London, London: Routledge Parkes C. M. and Weiss R. S. (1983). Recovery from bereavement. New York: Basic Books. Richardson, V. E. (2007). A dual process model of grief counseling: Findings from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) studyJournal of Gerontological Social Work, 48 (3/4), 311-329. Richardson, V. E. and Balaswamy, S. (2001). Coping with bereavement among elderly widowers. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 43 (2), 129-144. Stroebe M. S. and Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Studies 23(3) 197-224. Worden J. W. (2008). Grief counseling and grief therapy: a handbook for the mental health practitioner (4th ed.). New York: Springer

Argumentative Paper: Legalizing Euthanasia -- Assisted Suicide

Most people do not like to talk or even think about death; much less the topic of ending one’s own life. However, for some, death is a desired alternative to living in agony. Euthanasia has been a topic of debate since antiquity, and both sides stand firm on their beliefs. The right to choose death is illegal in most countries. I believe in people’s freedom to do what they please with their own bodies. The basic right of liberty is what America was founded on. Euthanasia should be a legal option. It’s important to start by understanding the different types of euthanasia. Allowing someone to die is, â€Å"Forgoing or withdrawing medical treatment that offers no hope of benefit to the total well-being of the patient, or that imposes burdens disproportionate to the potential benefits, allows the patient to die† (Manning 2). Traditionally called passive euthanasia, allowing someone to die was redefined by and is acceptable in the Catholic Church. Active euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, is when someone other than the patient ends the life of the patient upon explicit request. I view active and passive euthanasia to be one in the same with one very real difference; allowing someone to die delays the inevitable and the patient is left to twist and turn for awhile longer. Peter Chesterfield comments, â€Å"A terminally ill, mentally competent patient like me should not be forced to suffer. This is as morally unacceptable as murder† (qtd. In Friedman 8). On the other hand, â€Å"The phrase ‘mercy killing’ refers to someone’s taking a direct action to terminate a patient’s life without the patient’s permission† (Thiroux and Krasemann 184). Mercy killing is the form of euthanasia that must be properly monitored and consist... ...ties Toward Physician- Assisted Death: An Exploratory Assessment of the Vulnerability Argument,† Journal of Disability Policy Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, Summer 2005. Print. Manning M.D., Michael. Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide: Killing or Caring? Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1998. Print. Nordqvist, Christian. "What Is Euthanasia." Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 26 Sept. 2014. Web. 05 May 2015. . Sharma, Shweta. "Euthanasia: Debate Rekindled on Right to Die for the Terminally Ill." Health and Wellness Resource Center. Mel, 3 Aug. 2014. Web. 05 May 2015. Snyder, Carrie L. Euthanasia: Opposing Viewpoints. Farmington Hills: Bonnie Szumski, 2006. Print. Thiroux, Jacques P. and Kevin W. Krasseman. Ethics: Theory and Practice. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2012. Print.